Abstract
The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model was calibrated and validated and used to identify the optimum planting windows for two contrasting maize varieties for three agro-ecologies in the Nigeria savannas. The model was run for 11 planting windows starting from June 1 and repeated every 7 days until 16 August using long-term historical weather data from the 7 selected sites representing three agro-ecological zones (AEZs). The evaluation with the experimental data showed that the model performance was reasonable and accurately predict crop phenology, total dry matter (TDM) and grain yield for both maize varieties. The seasonal planting date analysis showed that optimum planting windows for 2009EVDT and IWDC2SynF2 depend on the variety, agro-ecozones and sites. Planting from June 15 to 28 simulated the highest mean grain yield for both varieties in all the agro-ecologies. In the Southern Guinea savanna (SGS) where the length of growing season is 180–210 days, the best planting window was June 8–July 19 for 2009EVDT and June 8–July 26 for IWDC2SynF2 in Abuja. The planting window that gives attainable yield at Yelwa, is June 15–July 5 for 2009EVDT and June 8–28 for IWDC2SynF2. In the Northern Guinea savannah (NGS) where the length of growing season is 150–180 days, the optimum planting window is June 15–July 19 for both varieties at Zaria and June 8–July 19 for 2009EVDT and June 8–August 2 for IWDC2SynF2 at Sabon Gari. In the Sudan savannah (SS) where the growing season is 90–120 days, planting of 2009EVDT can be delayed up to the third week of July. For the medium-maturing variety, IWDC2SynF2, planting should be done by the first week of July. Though Yelwa is in the SGS, lower yields and narrower sowing windows were simulated for both varieties than for those of the other locations. This is probably due to the poor soil fertility in this location.
Highlights
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a principal food security and a major commercial crop in Nigeria providing food, animal feed, and industrial raw materials (Badu-Apraku et al, 2009)
These results suggest that the length of planting window for attainable yield threshold would occur within 35 days (June 15–July 19) at Zaria and 42 days (June 8–July 19) at SabonGari for 2009EVDT
Results from this study show that the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model was able to simulate accurately growth and yield of maize grown under rain fed conditions in the Guinea and Sudan savannas of Nigeria suggesting that the model can be used to identify appropriate crop management practices for maize in the target zones
Summary
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a principal food security and a major commercial crop in Nigeria providing food, animal feed, and industrial raw materials (Badu-Apraku et al, 2009). Long dry spells at the beginning, mid and end of the rainy season are becoming more frequent even in the wetter southern and Northern Guinea savannas (NGS) (Adnan et al, 2017) In this situation farmers’ decision to plant is associated with risks of crop failure. The perception in northern Nigeria is that maize should be planted around late June to early July, to avoid pollination stage occurring during possible drought stress toward the end of the season (Kamara et al, 2009) Planting during this period carries the risk of intermittent drought and poor crop establishment in the SS zone (Kamara et al, 2009). Selecting an appropriate planting window will enhance efficient nutrient uptake and utilization and increase crop yield
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