Abstract
Models for shock initiation in explosives must consider how energy transfers from products to reactants. This is based on different energy-apportionment assumptions, which affect the results for shock initiation. This study proposes a robust model of shock initiation in explosives using a free choice of energy-apportionment assumptions. The reacting explosive is treated as a mixture of reactants and products under different energy-apportionment assumptions. The equations of state of the mixture are efficiently solved by refining the Cochran–Chan concept of the real volume fraction and introducing a real energy fraction term. The validity, efficiency, and universality of the proposed model are verified in one-dimensional numerical simulations of the shock initiation of homogeneous (nitromethane) and heterogeneous (PBX 9404) explosives. Compared to the conventional Cochran–Chan and Johnson–Tang–Forest models, the proposed model has a better balance of computational efficiency and universality.
Highlights
Shock initiation in explosives remains a hot topic in the detonation field
The present study aims to devise an efficient model with a free choice of energy-apportionment assumptions that can simulate shock initiation in explosives
As expected from our theoretical predictions, we found that our model and the Cochran–Chan model required less computation time than the Johnson–Tang–Forest model for the same simulations
Summary
Shock initiation in explosives remains a hot topic in the detonation field. To improve the safety of munitions, explosives should be sufficiently insensitive to unpredictable stimuli. For the shock initiation of explosives, the ignition only occurs under suitable hot spot size[17] and adiabatic compression is not a dominated mechanism.[18,19] Frey[12] proposed a model where rapid shear resulted in a temperature high enough to ignite the explosive in shear bands. The SDT may comprise a parallel realization of several hot-spot mechanisms with the dominant one depending on the physical and chemical properties of the particular explosives.[26] full-scale simulations of shock initiation via mesoscale models are quite costly. Based on a number of physical assumptions, a general model, which allows the application of various forms of EOS and reaction rates and a flexible choice of energy-apportionment assumptions, is developed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model were proved in shock initiation simulations for nitromethane and PBX 9404
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