Simulation of oil expulsion by 1-D and 2-D basin modelling — saturation threshold and relative permeabilities of source rocks

Abstract

Abstract In order for oil to accumulate in economic quantities, it first has to be generated and expelled from source rocks in sufficient quantities. In spite of long term efforts, the mechanism of oil expulsion from the source rocks is not completely understood. For modelling expulsion, the adoption of pressure-driven multiple-phase fluid flow governed by Darcy’s law is widely accepted. However, relative permeabilities for fine-grained source rocks, which is an essential parameter for this model, are very difficult to specify. The conventional reservoir-rock curve is obliged to be used for the modelling. Simplification of the relative permeability model is generally used for one-dimensional basin modelling. The 1-D model also requires substantial optimization of the key parameter, saturation threshold. Laboratory measurement of relative permeabilities for fine-grained rocks is very difficult, therefore, we carefully interpreted the analysed laboratory data on various sandstones to establish a relationship between relative permeability curves and pore geometry parameters, with a view to extrapolate the relationships developed in sandstones to fine-grained source rocks. It was found that the relative permeability curves, or irreducible water saturation are controlled by two factors ; grain size and clay content. Since the total surface area of the pore system becomes greater as the grain size decreases, we consider surface water adsorbed on the grain surface as a part of irreducible water. Since clay contains micro-porosity which cannot be displaced by oil due to high capillary pressure, we regard this to also play a role. Prediction of relative permeability curves for fine-grained rocks by both processes results in the curve with high irreducible water saturation. The new relative permeability curves were tested by both one-dimensional and two-dimensional basin modelling. Test results indicate that the new curves can reproduce expulsion efficiency, locations of accumulations and leaking through cap rock, which is consistent with actual observations.