Simulation of light interaction with seedless grapes.

Abstract

Spectroscopic techniques are widely used for the non-destructive maturation and quality monitoring of different fruits. To develop new sensor devices for this purpose, knowing the optical properties of the agricultural sample is crucial for enabling the prediction of the interaction of the incident light with the fruit. In the present study, the optical properties of three different seedless grape varieties (ARRA15, Tawny and Melody/Blagratwo) were determined from 400 to 1000 nm using a UV-visible/near-infrared spectrometer with an integrating sphere and subsequent calculation of the absorption and scattering coefficients and the anisotropy factor using the inverse adding doubling method. The results indicate that the optical properties of different grape varieties have significant differences, especially in the visible wavelength region, whereas these are less distinct in the near-infrared range. Independent of grape variety, the grape berry skin has a higher scattering coefficient and scattering occurs predominantly in the forward direction. Based on the optical properties of the grape berries, a three-dimensional grape berry model is generated within OpticStudio (Zemax, LLC) for the different varieties that can be used in optical illumination simulations. The bulk scattering inside the fruit is modeled by the Henyey-Greenstein distribution. A comparison of the simulated values for the total transmission and the specular reflection determined experimentally shows that realistic optical grape models can be created within OpticStudio. Overall, the procedure for creating optical grape models presented here will be helpful for the development of optical applications used in pre- and post-harvest food quality monitoring. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.