Abstract
The Netherlands is a frontrunner in the field of public charging infrastructure, having one of the highest number of public charging stations per electric vehicle (EV) in the world. During the early years of adoption (2012–2015), a large percentage of the EV fleet were plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) due to the subsidy scheme at that time. With an increasing number of full electric vehicles (FEVs) on the market and a current subsidy scheme for FEVs only, a transition of the EV fleet from PHEV to FEV is expected. This is hypothesized to have an effect on the charging behavior of the complete fleet, and is reason to understand better how PHEVs and FEVs differ in charging behavior and how this impacts charging infrastructure usage. In this paper, the effects of the transition of PHEV to FEV is simulated by extending an existing agent-based model. Results show important effects of this transition on charging infrastructure performance.
Highlights
The Netherlands is known to be one of the frontrunners in electric vehicle (EV) adoption and public charging infrastructure rollout [1,2]
Due to the limited supply of EV models and almost equal tax advantage at that time, most uptake was due to plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and only limited uptake was due to full electric vehicles (FEVs) [5,6,7]
Battery Size Analysis (KPIs) of charging infrastructure were analyzed [28]. This led to conclusions and recommendations for Tomakers identify differences in behavior between PHEV and FEV and the effect of battery size, a policy and distinction between these types of EVs is required
Summary
The Netherlands is known to be one of the frontrunners in electric vehicle (EV) adoption and public charging infrastructure rollout [1,2]. During early years of EV adoption (2012–2015), both plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and full electric vehicles (FEVs) were subsidized, leading to large uptake of EVs by mostly lease drivers [1,2,3,4]. This, combined with the ending of many lease contracts, means charging point operators (CPOs) and policy makers expect a transition of the Dutch EV fleet from. This is supported by EV sales trends in the Netherlands which show that in the last year more than 90% of EV sales have been FEVs
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