Abstract
A knowledge of the probability distribution of effective scattering strengths of observed fish is important in determining the reliability of acoustic estimates of fish abundance. The effective scattering strength is defined here as the product of backscattering cross section of observed fish and transmit and receive beam patterns of observing sonar. The distribution depends on the geometry of ensonification and fish behavior, or joint distribution of spatial and orientation states of fish, in addition to the sonar beam patterns and fish target strength as a function of orientation. Simulation of the distribution is discussed and illustrated for the case of observation of gadoids, for which measurements of the dorsal aspect target strength functions at two ultrasonic frequencies are available, by a directional downward-looking sonar.
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