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Abstract
A simplified real-time computer model of the cardiovascular system was developed to simulate the haemodynamic waveforms of pressure, volume and flow that occur in cardiac arrhythmias. The cardiovascular system was viewed as a sixcompartment model in which the heart chambers are geometric objects and the pulmonary and systemic circulations are electrical circuit analogues that represent simplified ‘Windkessel’ models. With the use of a surface electrocardiogram (ECG) as input, this closed-loop model can show the haemodynamics of cardiac arrhythmias in real time. The model has been used to construct a simulator which has proved to be useful as a teaching tool and shows great potential for applications in research and in clinical medicine.
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