Abstract
Abstract Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is conducted of a homogeneous turbulent shear flow laden with mono-size particles. The dispersed phase is simulated in the Lagrangian frame and the carrier phase is considered in the Eulerian manner. The coupling between the two phases is `two-way' which allows investigation of the effects of the mass loading ratio and the particle time constant on both phases. A new Reynolds stress model (RSM) is developed based on a `two-fluid' methodology in which both the carrier phase and the dispersed phase are considered in the Eulerian frame. Closures are suggested for the unclosed terms (including the pressure–velocity gradient) which manifest the effects of two-way coupling. The results generated by DNS are used to determine the magnitudes of some of the empirical constants appearing in RSM. The final model predictions for all the components of the fluid, the particle, and fluid-particle Reynolds stresses are assessed via detailed comparisons against DNS data.
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