Abstract
Prevalence of vegetation (either submerged or emergent) in shallow water significantly affects the flow and turbulence structure in this environment. In this paper, we develop a new 3D unstructured grid hydrostatic model that accounts for the 3D effects of vegetation on flows. The model uses a semi-implicit time stepping method and treats the new vegetation-related terms implicitly to enhance numerical stability, so the time step does not need to be reduced as compared with the no-vegetation cases. The stability is also independent of the vegetation parameters, so as to efficiently account for large shear that can occur around the canopy. We validate the model using lab data before applying it to a field study in San Francisco Bay-Delta to illustrate the influence of the vegetation on the flow structure as well as tidal energetics. The efficiency of the model enabled by the implicit method allows, for the first time, the simulation of the vegetation effects during multi-year evolution of vegetation in full three dimensions at large spatial scales.
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