Simulating transport and distribution of marine macro-plastic in the Baltic Sea.

Abstract

We simulated the spatial distribution and dynamics of macro plastic in the Baltic Sea, using a new Lagrangian approach called the dynamical renormalization resampling scheme (DRRS). This approach extends the super-individual simulation technique, so the weight-per-individual is dynamic rather than fixed. The simulations were based on a mapping of the macro plastic sources along the Baltic coast line, and a five year time series of realistic wind, wave and current data to resolve time-variability in the transport and spatial distribution of macro plastics in the Baltic Sea. The model setup has been validated against beach litter observations and was able to reproduce some major spatial trends in macroplastic distributions. We also simulated plastic dispersal using Green's functions (pollution plumes) for individual sources. e.g. rivers, and found a significant variation in the spatial range of Green's functions corresponding to different pollution sources. We determined a significant temporal variability (up to 7 times the average) in the plastic concentration locally, which needs to be taken into account when assessing the ecological impact of marine litter. Accumulation patterns and litter wave formation were observed to be driven by an interplay between positive buoyancy, coastal boundaries and varying directions of physical forcing. Finally we determined the range of wind drag coefficients for floating plastic, where the dynamics is mostly directly wind driven, as opposed to indirectly by surface currents and waves. This study suggests that patterns of litter sorting by transport processes should be observable in many coastal and off-shore environments.