Simulating of human physiological supersystems: modeling of kidney and bladder functions

Abstract

A quantitative model describing the functions of human kidney and bladder is created. The model is realized and tested as an autonomous C# software module (SM) functioning under given dynamic input characteristics. Finally, SM will be incorporated into our specialized general software capable of simulating the main modes of human integrative physiology, namely, interactions of physiological super-system (PSS). The model of the kidney describes mechanisms of blood filtration in Bowman’s capsule, reabsorption in collecting tubules, as well as the central renin-angiotensin system mechanism. The model of the bladder describes the dynamics of its filling and periodic emptying. Each act of bladder emptying is initiated by a signal generated by the brain in response to afferent impulse patterns from the bladder’s mechanoreceptors. Models have been tested using algorithms that design scenarios, including simulation of either short-time or long-time (hours or days) observations. Input data include different combinations of pressure in renal afferent arterioles, osmotic, and oncotic blood pressures. Output data includes dynamics of primary urine, final urine, bladder volume, urine pressure, mechanoreceptors’ activity, renin production velocity, blood renin concentration, angiotensin2 production velocity, and blood angiotensin2 concentration, as well as blood albumin and sodium concentrations. Both student-medics and physiologists interested in providing theoretical research can be users of SM.