Abstract
The ability to focus high amplitude ultrasound onto human skin and elicit a tactile sensation in mid-air poses a number of scientific opportunities and challenges. For example, a common issue with mid-air haptics is the relatively low forces generated on the user’s skin, thus limiting the dynamic range of vibrotactile sensations that can be induced. To that end, we develop a viscoelastic rheological finite element model and apply it to show that different acoustic radiation patterns can generate varying forces, displacements, and oscillatory patterns on the targeted skin and its nearby vicinity. Our framework allows for the high resolution computational exploration of a wide range of mid-air stimulus sensations saving time and resources spent on running expensive experiments while.
Highlights
Mid-air haptic technology often refers to the use of focusing airborne ultrasound waves to remotely induce vibrotactile sensations on the human skin [1], [2]
The bridge between these two ends of the spectrum is supported by a somewhat limited physical understanding of how focused ultrasound waves interact with the human skin, a topic that has recently been studied using laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) experiments, both in vivo and in silico using silicone phantoms [11]–[13]
VII we describe a number of parameter investigations and explorations enabled by our constructed multiphysics simulation model of mid-air haptic stimuli and their effects on viscoelastic surfaces
Summary
Mid-air haptic technology often refers to the use of focusing airborne ultrasound waves to remotely induce vibrotactile sensations on the human skin [1], [2]. The stimuli generated by ultrasonic mid-air haptic displays have been experimentally characterised through a variety of physical measurements involving, inter alia, microphones, precision force balance scales, anemometers, biomimetic tactile sensors, oil bath displacement setups, high-speed cameras, and LDV [12], [13], [23], [27], [28]. Despite all these efforts, experiments are unable to sample the huge stimulus space available to ultrasonic mid-air haptic displays that consist of multi-point, multi-path, multifrequency dimensions. VIII we summarise the significance of our results and discuss future work
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