Abstract
The simulation showing transformation of rainfall into streamflow, and routing the generated flows through the streams in a basin, is widely used in many fields of water resources analysis, including understandSimulacao Hidrologica de Grandes Bacias 118 ing the earth surface phase processes of the hydrologic cycle. The early mathematical models developed to simulate this transformation were based on empirical relations between hydrological variables. The newgeneration hydrological models are physically based and distributed, and are adequate to represent small basins. There are few models able to simulate the hydrological processes in large basins, with an adequate physical base. In this paper we present a physically-based large-scale hydrological model, that takes into account the distributed nature of the basin’s characteristics such as land use, vegetation and stream network. The model was applied to two basins, almost 27.000 km2, with very distinct physical characteristics, and with many rainfall and streamflow gauging stations. The model performance, estimated by the fit between measured and calculated daily river discharges at different gauging stations, was very good. Applying the model enabled a preliminary analysis of land use changes in one of the basins, improving the understanding and comparison of the hydrological behavior of both basins. All results show that a large-scale hydrological model is a very useful tool in water resources analysis, even considering the data availability conditions in countries like Brazil. Key-words: simulation; rainfall-streamflow; large basins.
Highlights
Tabela 4.7: Resistência superficial de diversos tipos de vegetação em condições de boa disponibilidade de água no solo
Tabela 7.3: Tipos de solos na bacia do rio Taquari e os grupos formados para a classificação em blocos
Outras características desejáveis nos modelos de grandes bacias são: a compatibilidade com o volume de informações disponível; o realismo da representação do processo físico; a associação entre os valores dos parâmetros e as características físicas das bacias; e a simplicidade e praticidade na aplicação (Pimentel da Silva e Ewen, 2000)
Summary
Tabela 4.1: Características de armazenamento de água nos solos (em 1 m) (adaptado de Rawls et al, 1993). Tabela 8.7: Valores de estimativas de qualidade de ajuste de hidrogramas calculado e observado para alguns postos fluviométricos na bacia do rio Uruguai com os parâmetros calibrados na bacia do rio Taquari Antas. Tabela 8.11: Valores de estimativas de qualidade de ajuste de hidrogramas calculado e observado para alguns postos fluviométricos na bacia do rio Uruguai depois da calibração dos parâmetros, no período de calibração (1985 a 1995). Tabela 8.12: Valores de estimativas de qualidade de ajuste de hidrogramas calculado e observado para postos fluviométricos na bacia do rio Uruguai nos períodos de verificação (1977 a 1985 e 1994 a 1998). Figura 8.12: Curvas de permanência de vazões diárias calculadas e observadas no rio Uruguai (Passo Caxambu) entre 1985 e 1995, após a calibração dos parâmetros.
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