Simplified noisy reference loss evaluation for digital communication in the presence of slow fading and carrier phase error

Abstract

Using a Maclaurin series expansion of the conditional (on the carrier phase error) bit error probability of binary and quaternary phase-shift keying (BPSK and QPSK, respectively) and then averaging this result over both the statistics of the carrier phase error and the channel fading, closed-form expressions for the average bit error probability are derived in a form that lend themselves toward obtaining simple formulas for the associated noisy reference loss. Numerical evaluation of this loss based on the use of these formulas is shown to provide excellent accuracy when compared with the exact evaluation, which requires two-fold numerical integration. Although the method is specifically applied to BPSK and QPSK, it is easily extended to other forms of modulation whose conditional bit error probability is known in a closed form.