Abstract
Schools are a suitable public building for renewable energy systems. Renewable energy hybrid systems (REHSs) have recently been introduced in schools following a new national regulation that mandates renewable energy utilization. An REHS combines the common renewable-energy sources such as geothermal heat pumps, solar collectors for water heating, and photovoltaic systems with conventional energy systems (i.e., boilers and air-source heat pumps). Optimal design of an REHS by adequate sizing is not a trivial task because it usually requires intensive work including detailed simulation and demand/supply analysis. This type of simulation-based approach for optimization is difficult to implement in practice. To address this, this paper proposes simplified sizing equations for renewable-energy systems of REHSs. A conventional optimization process is used to calculate the optimal combinations of an REHS for cases of different numbers of classrooms and budgets. On the basis of the results, simplified sizing equations that use only the number of classrooms as the input are proposed by regression analysis. A verification test was carried out using an initial conventional optimization process. The results show that the simplified sizing equations predict similar sizing results to the initial process, consequently showing similar capital costs within a 2% error.
Highlights
The South Korean government has introduced a low carbon policy measure that mandates renewable energy utilization in public buildings [1]
An renewable energy (RE) hybrid systems (REHSs) for schools in an urban area is proposed that comprises air-source electric heat pumps (EHPs) and common RE systems in Korea such as photovoltaic modules (PVs), solar thermal collectors, and geothermal heat pumps (GHPs)
A renewable energy hybrid system (REHS) applicable to schools in Korea has been recently populated as a new national regulation mandating renewable energy utilization
Summary
The South Korean government has introduced a low carbon policy measure that mandates renewable energy utilization in public buildings [1]. Studies on REHSs are usually associated with the optimization of system capacities This optimization is frequently achieved using economic and environmental criteria (e.g., capital cost, energy saving, carbon emission, etc.). This study proposed an optimal sizing model to determine the capacities of the components of a photovoltaic water pumping system on the basis of two criteria: the loss of power supply for reliability and the life cycle cost. Most of the optimization methodologies for REHSs require extensive data (e.g., thermal and electrical demand profiles, specifications of energy supply systems) and knowledge of computer simulation techniques. Schools are a suitable public building for RE systems because of site conditions (e.g., open space) and their energy demand profiles (e.g., daytime-based use of hot water and heating/cooling). A simplified optimal sizing model as a function of the number of classrooms is derived from the results
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