Abstract
Whole slide imaging (WSI) refers to the process of creating a high-resolution digital image of a whole slide. Since digital images are typically produced by stitching image sequences acquired from different fields of view, the visual quality of the images can be degraded owing to shading distortion, which produces black plaid patterns on the images. A shading correction method for brightfield WSI is presented, which is simple but robust not only against typical image artifacts caused by specks of dust and bubbles, but also against fixed-pattern noise, or spatial variations in pixel values under uniform illumination. The proposed method comprises primarily of two steps. The first step constructs candidates of a shading distortion model from a stack of input image sequences. The second step selects the optimal model from the candidates. The proposed method was compared experimentally with two previous state-of-the-art methods, regularized energy minimization (CIDRE) and background and shading correction (BaSiC) and showed better correction scores, as smooth operations and constraints were not imposed when estimating the shading distortion. The correction scores, averaged over 40 image collections, were as follows: proposed method, 0.39 ± 0.099; CIDRE method, 0.67 ± 0.047; BaSiC method, 0.55 ± 0.038. Based on the quantitative evaluations, we can confirm that the proposed method can correct not only shading distortion, but also fixed-pattern noise, compared with the two previous state-of-the-art methods.
Highlights
Whole slide imaging (WSI), which refers to scanning a whole slide and creating a single high-resolution digital image, is a relatively new technique that solves the narrow field of view (FOV) problem of traditional optical microscopes [1,2,3]
WSI device confirmstaining the feasibility of the proposed varying imaging conditions using a self-developed device to confirm the feasibility of shading correction method Figure 4. shows examples of images before (Figure 4a) and after
The proposed method Comparison outperformed the twoscores previous state-of-the-art methods estimate the flat-field distortion that was robust to the fixed-pattern noise
Summary
Whole slide imaging (WSI), which refers to scanning a whole slide and creating a single high-resolution digital image, is a relatively new technique that solves the narrow field of view (FOV) problem of traditional optical microscopes [1,2,3]. WSI device in 1999 [4], the WSI devices can acquire faster and more accurate high-quality digital images of the whole slide due to its recent advances in hardware and software technologies [1,5]. These advances have made it possible for pathologists to convert from viewing slides from a microscope to a computer monitor that displays high-resolution whole-slide images [3]. The black plaid patterns on the images adversely affect subsequent image analysis, such as segmentation and quantification [14]
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