Abstract
A highly stable and magnetized citric acid (CA)-functionalized iron oxide aqueous colloidal solution (Fe3O4@CA) was synthesized by using a simple and rapid method of one-step co-participation via a chemical reaction between Fe3+ and Fe2+ in a NaOH solution at 65 °C, followed by CA addition to functionalize the Fe3O4 surface in 25 min. The NPs were synthesized at lower temperatures and shortened time compared with conventional methods. Surface functionalization is highly suggested because bare Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) are frequently deficient due to their low stability and hydrophilicity. Hence, 19 nm-sized Fe3O4 NPs coated with CA (Fe3O4@CA) were synthesized, and their microstructure, morphology, and magnetic properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. CA successfully modified the Fe3O4 surface to obtain a stabilized (homogeneous and well dispersed) aqueous colloidal solution. The Zeta potential value of the as-prepared Fe3O4@CA increases from − 31 to − 45 mV. These CA-functionalized NPs with high magnetic saturation (54.8 emu/g) show promising biomedical applications.
Highlights
A highly stable and magnetized citric acid (CA)-functionalized iron oxide aqueous colloidal solution (Fe3O4@CA) was synthesized by using a simple and rapid method of one-step co-participation via a chemical reaction between Fe3+ and Fe2+ in a NaOH solution at 65 °C, followed by CA addition to functionalize the Fe3O4 surface in 25 min
Fe3O4 NP surfaces were functionalized via CA adsorption, which occurs by coordinating one or two of the carboxylate functionalities depending on the need for steric repelling to stabilize the ferrofluids and the curvature or morphology of the surface
The presence of a carboxylic group surface ligand offers the possibility of developing bonds with proteins, fluorescent dyes, and hormone linkers to facilitate precise targeting in biological systems
Summary
A highly stable and magnetized citric acid (CA)-functionalized iron oxide aqueous colloidal solution (Fe3O4@CA) was synthesized by using a simple and rapid method of one-step co-participation via a chemical reaction between Fe3+ and Fe2+ in a NaOH solution at 65 °C, followed by CA addition to functionalize the Fe3O4 surface in 25 min. The Zeta potential value of the as-prepared Fe3O4@CA increases from − 31 to − 45 mV These CA-functionalized NPs with high magnetic saturation (54.8 emu/g) show promising biomedical applications. Fe3O4 NPs with a grain size of smaller than 20 nm display superparamagnetic behavior at high temperatures but exhibit no coercivity and remanence at room temperature[1,2,3,4] These particles are extensively utilized for several biomedical and in vivo applications. The poor colloidal stability and broad size distribution can be attributed to the reaction time and temperature during co-precipitation To overcome these problems, the Fe3O4 NPs must be stabilized and their size distribution must be reduced by modifying their surfaces with biocompatible materials, in addition to controlling the synthesis procedures. Singh et al.[29] synthesized CA-coated Fe3O4 NPs through co-precipitation, and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the NPs have agglomerated and are non-uniform in shape
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