Simple methods for characterization of metals in historical textile threads

Abstract

Characterization of metal threads on historical textile materials is important for preservation of valuable cultural heritage. Obtained results dictate decisions on cleaning, conservation and restoration steps. The most important part of characterization is chemical analysis of originally applied materials, since this enables understanding the nature of chemical and physical degradation and determines the cleaning methods. Methods applied should be non-destructive and sensitive enough to detect trace elements in small sample amounts. The goal of this research was to describe the most useful procedures for fast and simple determination of specific metals of interest. Therefore we propose application of scanning electron microscopy equipped with EDS detector (SEM-EDS) for sample surface analysis and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for chemical analysis of metals threads. For quality insurance reasons, a comparative method applied for chemical analysis was atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). This combination of methods has proven to be very useful in analysis of historical samples, since SEM-EDS was a simple and non-destructive method which provided information on chemical composition of sample surfaces, while ICP-OES and AAS enabled the full insight into the average chemical composition of samples. Nevertheless, both ICP-OES and AAS were destructive methods which demanded dissolving of samples prior to the analysis. In this work nine different metal fibers collected from historical textile materials were characterized. Proposed methods enabled obtaining information on sample constitution, morphology, topology and chemical composition.