Simple and fast fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical device by contact stamping for multiple-point standard addition assay: Application to direct analysis of urinary creatinine

Abstract

In this work, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for simultaneous multiple-point standard addition assay was fabricated by rubber stamping the hydrophobic barrier pattern onto a laboratory filter paper. The μPAD has a central zone from which an applied sample flows into eight surrounding narrow channels to which had been added the standard solutions. Each channel is connected to a circular area loaded with the reagent. The opposite end of this reagent zone is connected by second narrow channel to the final circular detection zone. The μPAD was applied to the measurement of creatinine in human urine. After addition of a urine sample, the orange-colored product arising from the Jaffé reaction is formed at the eight detection zones. A digital image of the μPAD is then recorded and the ratio of the red/green (R/G) intensity obtained using the ImageJ™ program is used in the quantitation of creatinine. The normal standard addition calibration line is constructed using the intensity ratio against the added creatinine concentrations (50–1000 mg L−1). Good linearity was achieved (r2 ˃ 0.99). There were no significant differences between the creatinine content using an HPLC method (paired t-test at 95% confidence, tstat = 1.78, tcritical = 2.26, n = 10). The use of simultaneous multiple-point standard addition calibration allows rapid determination of creatinine in urine with elimination of matrix interference.