Abstract
Zinc can enhance osteoblastic bone formation and stimulate osteogenic differentiation, suppress the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into osteoclasts, and inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, simonkolleite, as a novel zinc resource, was coated on poly (amino acids) (PAA) via suspending PAA powder in different concentrations of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) solution, and the simonkolleite-coated PAA (Zn–PAA) was characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR and XPS. Zinc ions were continuously released from the coating, and the release behavior was dependent on both the concentration of the ZnCl2 immersing solution and the type of soak solutions (SBF, PBS and DMEM). The Zn–PAA was cultured with mouse bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) through TranswellTM plates, and the results indicated that the relative cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization of BMSCs were significantly higher with Zn–PAA as compared to PAA. Moreover, the Zn–PAA was cultured with RAW264.7 cells, and the results suggested an inhibiting effect of Zn–PAA on the cell differentiation into osteoclasts. In addition, Zn–PAA exhibited an antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli. These findings suggest that simonkolleite coating with certain contents could promote osteogenesis, suppress osteoclast formation and inhibit bacteria, indicating a novel way of enhancing the functionality of synthetic bone graft material and identifying the underline principles for designing zinc-containing bone grafts.
Highlights
Zinc, an essential trace element supporting the activity of numerous enzymes and participating in the bone metabolism [1,2], is well accepted as possessing the abilities to promote bone formation via stimulating osteoblastic differentiation, leading to an enhanced extracellular matrix (ECM)mineralization [3]
The osteoclast formation was significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by the simonkolleite content in Zn–Poly(amino acids) (PAA), while the effect of PAA was not observed. These results suggested that the simonkolleite coating on the PAA was able content in Zn–PAA, while the effect of PAA was not observed. These results suggested that the to block the osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, contributing simonkolleite coating on the PAA was able to block the osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells to supporting osteogenesis
Simonkolleite coating was fabricated on PAA-forming Zn–PAA to promote osteogenesis by immersing PAA in a ZnCl2 solution, and the amount of coating could be adjusted by regulating the
Summary
An essential trace element supporting the activity of numerous enzymes and participating in the bone metabolism [1,2], is well accepted as possessing the abilities to promote bone formation via stimulating osteoblastic differentiation, leading to an enhanced extracellular matrix (ECM)mineralization [3]. An essential trace element supporting the activity of numerous enzymes and participating in the bone metabolism [1,2], is well accepted as possessing the abilities to promote bone formation via stimulating osteoblastic differentiation, leading to an enhanced extracellular matrix (ECM). A high concentration of zinc can decrease ECM mineralization due to the inhibition of calcium deposition, and it can cause cytotoxicity [10,11]. For these reasons, the incorporation of zinc into a bone implant can be beneficial to bone regeneration under the condition that the release behavior and concentration of zinc is appropriate
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