Abstract
Transcytosis of proteins and hydrodynamic flow of cytoplasm is a major mechanism to sustain physiology in all cells, observable from gametes (1) to mature adult cells and tissues (2, 3). Mammalian cells involved in secretion discretely need to respond to the environment and move components within the cells and position them at appropriate locations for secretion (4, 5). This process involves force generation using Gibbs free energy of hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATPase is most often myosin, a naturally occurring cellular ATPase known for its wide role in generation of cellular force (6). The nanomechanics of transport involve the necessary target cargoes, in association with myosin and track on actin filaments, which are ubiquitous cellular cytoskeletal scaffolds of metazoan cells (7). Cellular secretion encompasses multiple physiological systems operating on wide range of time scales including the processes of exocrine and endocrine glandular secretions and neuronal secretion in response to discrete electrical field stimulation, commonly referred to as neurotransmission (8, 9).
Highlights
Transcytosis of proteins and hydrodynamic flow of cytoplasm is a major mechanism to sustain physiology in all cells, observable from gametes [1] to mature adult cells and tissues [2, 3]
Similarity is outlined between the mechanisms involved in gaseous nitric oxide (NO) synthesis within the enteric nerve terminals in response to an action potential [10,11,12,13,14,15] and during glucose sensing and insulin granule exocytosis by pancreatic beta cells [16,17,18,19,20] (Figure 1)
It was reported from early studies that infusion of l-arginine increases insulin release [26, 27], and this is disrupted in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [28]
Summary
Transcytosis of proteins and hydrodynamic flow of cytoplasm is a major mechanism to sustain physiology in all cells, observable from gametes [1] to mature adult cells and tissues [2, 3]. Similarity is outlined between the mechanisms involved in gaseous nitric oxide (NO) synthesis within the enteric nerve terminals in response to an action potential [10,11,12,13,14,15] and during glucose sensing and insulin granule exocytosis by pancreatic beta cells [16,17,18,19,20] (Figure 1). Though the exact contribution of NO is not well defined, incipient convincing evidence exists regarding de novo synthesized NO by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to maintain a pool of glucokinase in association with insulin secretory granules [25].
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