Abstract
This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.
Highlights
Minoan, a great civilization of the Bronze Age was established on the island of Crete, in the Aegean islands and western coastal areas of today’s Turkey
The hydro-technologies developed by Minoans were further improved during these periods. Another ancient civilization that flourished around the same time period is the Indus Valley civilization
It is believed that the Indus Valley civilization, at its pinnacle, affected an area much larger than Mesopotamian (e.g., Sumerian and Assyrian) and Minoan civilizations, with more than 1500 cities at its peak [7,8]
Summary
A great civilization of the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC) was established on the island of Crete, in the Aegean islands and western coastal areas of today’s Turkey. One of the salient features was the architectural and hydraulic operation of its water supply, sewerage, and drainage systems in Minoan palaces, cities, and other settlements [2] It was followed by a long period (ca 1150–800 BC), usually referred to as the “Dark Ages” due to the regression in technological advancement before the advent of the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. The hydro-technologies developed by Minoans were further improved during these periods Another ancient civilization that flourished around the same time period is the Indus Valley civilization. It is believed that the Indus Valley civilization, at its pinnacle, affected an area much larger than Mesopotamian (e.g., Sumerian and Assyrian) and Minoan civilizations, with more than 1500 cities at its peak [7,8]. The urban hydro-technologies of Minoan and Indus Valley civilizations, with reference to similarities, are presented and discussed. The Epilogue: lessons learned and concluding remarks are included
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