Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important compounds to prim neighboring undamaged plants; however, the mechanism for this priming process remains unclear. To reveal metabolic changes in plants exposed to HIPVs, metabolism of leaves and roots of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus seedlings exposed to HIPVs released from conspecific plants infested with larvae of Orgyia ericae were analyzed together with control and infested seedlings using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic technology and multi variate data analysis. Results presented showed that HIPVs exposure led to similar but specific metabolic changes compared with those induced by infestation in both leaves and roots. Furthermore, both HIPVs exposure and herbivore attack resulted in metabolic changes involving a series of primary and secondary metabolites in both leaves and roots. Taken together, these results suggested that priming of yet-damaged plants may be achieved by reconfiguring metabolic pathways in leaves and roots to make similar concentrations for all metabolites as those in seedlings infested. Therefore, we propose that improved readiness of defense induction of primed plants toward subsequent herbivore attack may be based on the similar metabolic profiling induced by HIPVs exposure as those caused by herbivore.
Highlights
Over several hundred million years of battle between plants and herbivores [1], plants are documented to have evolved various strategies to adapt to or counteract herbivores [2]
principal component analysis (PCA) score plot of leaves obtained from binned 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data scaled intensity of TMSP (Figure 2A) with first two principal components explaining 47.3% and 16.3% of the variances for all leaf samples showed that leaves infested or exposed to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) form a group that separated clearly from those of control seedlings
Over the last ten years, NMR-based metabolic technology has attracted significant interest in plant science primarily because of the minimal sample preparation, ease of quantitative analysis, detection not limited by ionization efficiency and chromophore structure, as well as the definitive structural information derived from crude extracts despite of its low sensitivity [18,26,27]
Summary
Over several hundred million years of battle between plants and herbivores [1], plants are documented to have evolved various strategies to adapt to or counteract herbivores [2]. Among these strategies, releasing of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) upon attack is an important way for plants to defend herbivorous insects. Plants primed by HIPVs increase readiness of defense induction [3] and respond to subsequent herbivores actively. To reveal the mechanism for the earlier or stronger response for primed plants in response to subsequent herbivore, many studies focus on the changes of plants exposed to HIPVs
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