Silver nanoparticles/activated carbon composite as a facile SERS substrate for highly sensitive detection of endogenous formaldehyde in human urine by catalytic reaction

Abstract

Most of efforts have been made to prepare high performance surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for amplifying Raman signals. It still remains a grand challenging task in building a simple, conventional and low-cost SERS substrate with highly dense hotspots for improved sensitivity of the target analytes. Here, we report a very dexterous strategy to fabricate a distinctive SERS substrate with high density hotspots, using common adsorbent activated carbon (AC) as template to assemble silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). It can be estimated that the enhancement effect of Ag NPs/AC composite is about 6.5-fold that of bare Ag NPs. Different from the resonant dyes, however, formaldehyde (FA) is a Raman-inactive molecule even though enhanced. Considering that, a novel method for quantitative analysis of FA using the Ag NPs/AC composite as SERS sensor has been developed, based on the catalytic effect of trace FA on the oxidation of malachite green (MG) through bromate under acidic condition. The change of MG from reduced form into oxidized leucomalachite green (LMG) results in the quench of Raman signals of MG, responding to 0.07 ppb FA that is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than the limit defined by the Nash's method as a standard procedure recommended in Europe, Japan and China. Moreover, SERS examinations of endogenous FA in human urine signify that the proposed method has high selectivity, reliability and accuracy. Thus, as-fabricated Ag NPs/AC composite is adequate as inexpensive and versatile SERS sensor utilized in the quantification of trace targets in various complicated matrices.