Abstract
The ever-growing range of possible applications of nanoparticles requires their mass production. However, there are problems resulting from the prevalent methods of nanoparticle production; physico-chemical routes of nanoparticle synthesis are not very environmentally friendly nor cost-effective. Due to this, the scientific community started exploring new methods of nanoparticle assembly with the aid of biological agents. In this study, ethanolic Vitis vinifera cane extract combined with silver nitrate was used to produce silver nanoparticles. These were subsequently characterized using UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light-scattering analysis. The antimicrobial activity of produced nanoparticles was tested against the planktonic cells of five strains of Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1, ATCC 10145, ATCC 15442, DBM 3081, and DBM 3777). After that, bactericidal activity was assessed using solid medium cultivation. In the end, nanoparticles’ inhibitory effect on adhering cells was analyzed by measuring changes in metabolic activity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay-MTT). Our results confirmed that ethanolic Vitis vinifera cane extract is capable of mediating silver nanoparticle production; synthesis was conducted using 10% of extract and 1 mM of silver nitrate. The silver nanoparticles’ Z-average was 68.2 d nm, and their zeta potential was –30.4 mV. These silver nanoparticles effectively inhibited planktonic cells of all P. aeruginosa strains in concentrations less than 5% v/v and inhibited biofilm formation in concentrations less than 6% v/v. Moreover, minimum bactericidal concentration was observed to be in the range of 10–16% v/v. According to the results in this study, the use of wine agriculture waste is an ecological and economical method for the production of silver nanoparticles exhibiting significant antimicrobial properties.
Highlights
Nanoparticles rose to the forefront of scientific interest decades ago; their significance and potential is still being extended by new discoveries
After the nanoparticle synthesis was completed, UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric analysis was carried out, and it revealed a distinct peak at 430 nm
The combined effect of nanoparticles and silver ions in AgNP suspension produced in this study provided at least two-times stronger antibiofilm and bactericidal activity than the nanoparticle suspensions in other studies
Summary
Nanoparticles rose to the forefront of scientific interest decades ago; their significance and potential is still being extended by new discoveries. Their unique physical and chemical properties, mainly caused by their high specific surface area, are already being used in a wide range of science and industry, from electronics or material design to food processing [1]. Though, another characteristic of nanoparticles started to become more and more important. In particular, have since been extensively studied for their antimicrobial properties against the dreaded resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Silver, gold, copper, platinum, and palladium nanoparticles have already proven their inhibiting effect on pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus bovis [2]
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