Abstract
The use of fully printed electrochemical devices has gained more attention for the monitoring of clinical, food, and environmental analytes due to their low cost, great reproducibility, and versatility characteristics, serving as an important technology for commercial application. Therefore, a paper-based inkjet-printed electrochemical system is proposed as a cost-effective analytical detection tool for paraquat. Chromatographic paper was used as the printing substrate due its sustainable and disposable characteristics, and an inkjet-printing system deposited the conductive silver ink with no further modification on the paper surface, providing a three-electrode system. The printed electrodes were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and chronopotentiometry. The proposed sensor exhibited a large surface area, providing a powerful tool for paraquat detection due to its higher analytical signal. For the detection of paraquat, square-wave voltammetry was used, and the results showed a linear response range of 3.0–100 μM and a detection limit of 0.80 µM, along with the high repeatability and disposability of the sensor. The prepared sensors were also sufficiently selective against interference, and high accuracy (recovery range = 96.7–113%) was obtained when applied to samples (water, human serum, and orange juice), showing the promising applicability of fully printed electrodes for electrochemical monitoring.
Highlights
The development of fully printed analytical devices has been increasingly active in the market of printed electronics
The ability to achieve highly sensitive analytical detection without the requirement of further modification to printed electrochemical sensors gives them high potential for industrial production and commercialization, where minimal costs and ease of production are essential [3]
We report the development of a fully printed electrochemical device based on chromatographic paper using an inkjet-printing technique with conductive silver ink and without further modification in order to explore the suitability of the material and technique for use in electrochemical detection
Summary
The development of fully printed analytical devices has been increasingly active in the market of printed electronics. $7.8 billion, and it is expected to increase to $20.7 billion by 2025 [1]. This growth is due to the use of analytical devices for real-time detection in clinical, food, and environmental applications, which are crucial technologies for improving well-being and life quality. Printed electrochemical sensors represent an important cost-effective analytical detection technology for disposable and one-shot use sensors, which are a powerful and extremely necessary tool to fill this gap [2]. The ability to achieve highly sensitive analytical detection without the requirement of further modification to printed electrochemical sensors gives them high potential for industrial production and commercialization, where minimal costs and ease of production are essential [3]
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