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Abstract
Silver Carp (SC) (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Valenciennes, 1844) is a worldwide common fish for aquaculture and stocking in lakes and reservoirs. The fish is distributed through rivers, aquaculture and stocking in about 90 countries around the world. SC was first introduced into Lake Kinneret in 1969 and continues onwards. Total number of stocked fingerlings (1969-2013) was 18.5 × 106 (average: 441 × 103 per year). The total catch (tons) of SC in Lake Kinneret was 3218 tons, average: 75 t/year. Studies on SC in East Lake, China, revealed that the fish was a phytoplanktivorous and percentage of consumed phytoplankton varied between 83% - 91% where Microcystis was the major item. In Lake Kinneret, the effects of SC and the Cichlid, Galilee St. Peters Fish (S. galilaeus) on Plankton resources are not independent and potentially competitors. SC is also known as efficient consumer of Microcystis. It was found that environmental conditions in Lake Kinneret were optimal for reasonable growth and recruitment of this fish to commercial fishery. The SC did not reproduce in Lake Kinneret and we recommended introducing annually 600 - 1000 × 103 fingerlings for the benefit of water quality protection and fishermen income.
Highlights
The origin of the Silver Carp (SC) (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Valenciennes, 1844) is the Amur River, the world’s tenth longest river forming the border between Far East region of Russia and Northeastern China
In fall season the portion of phytoplankton component in the gut content was slightly lowered to 80% and that of zooplankton was increased to 20%. [7] [8] documented metabolic parameters of aged 1+, 2+ and 3+ SC during 1983-1987 in East Lake: the percentage of consumed phytoplankton varied between 83% - 91%, the total quantity of consumed food increased with age increment (1+ to 3+ age) whilst assimilation coefficient and specific growth increment declined
Their comments referred to the followings: 1) SC was not a contribution factor for the improvements of water quality in Lake Kinneret; 2) If in future small size algal community is enhanced and reaches a level that native components of fish and zooplankton are unable to control, introduction of SC might be reconsidered; 3) As a result of a strong diet overlap it might be possible that SC is competing with S. galilaeus and other native species on food resources; 4) If surplus food resources are available in the Kinneret ecosystem, a thorough consideration has to be done to enhance S. galilaeus planting
Summary
The origin of the Silver Carp (SC) (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Valenciennes, 1844) is the Amur River, the world’s tenth longest river forming the border between Far East region of Russia and Northeastern China. The fish was introduced into lakes and distributed through rivers over about 90 countries around the world This successful distribution and usage is due to its high rate of growth, economical factor of food conversion and beneficial protection of water quality. The objective of the mass stocking of SC in Lake Kinneret was primarily aimed at water quality improvement by the production of grazing pressure on the annual flourishing of the Pyrrhophyte algae, Peridinium together with enhancing Fishery catches. The formal annual statistical summaries submitted (in Hebrew) by the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Settlements Development, Fishery Department, Lake Kinneret Fishery Branch, reported that the total catch of SC during 1972-2013 was 3218 tons with annual average of 75 tons, which was app.
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