Abstract
This study aimed to detect and quantify mycotoxins on building materials using innovative laser mass spectroscopy methods—silver-109/silver/gold nanoparticle-enhanced target surface-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (109AgNPs, AgNPs and AuNPs SALDI). Results from SALDI-type methods were also compared with commonly used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Standards of seven moulds mycotoxin in a final concentration of 100 µg/mL for patulin, citrinin, 3-nitropropionic acid, alternariol and 20 µg/mL for sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, roquefortine C in the mixture were tested in pure solutions and after extraction from the plasterboards. Among the studied SALDI-type method, the lowest detection limits and the highest signal intensity of the mycotoxins tested were obtained with the use of 109AgNPs SALDI MS. The 109AgNPs method may be considered as an alternative to the currently most frequently used method MALDI MS and also liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS for mycotoxin determination. Future studies should attempt to use these methods for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to evaluate spatial distribution and depth of mycotoxin penetration into building materials.
Highlights
IntroductionMycotoxins (approximately 400, low-molecular-weight substances, produced by more than 200 mould species), are compounds exhibiting a great structural diversity as well as chemical and thermal stability [1,2]
The presented data (Table 1) contain the first presentation of detection limits for mycotoxin detection using silver, silver-109 and gold nanoparticle-enhanced targets used in surface-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry
Among the Laser Desorption/Ionisation mass spectrometry methods tested in the present study, the highest overall applicability and universality, as well as the lowest detection limits of the tested mycotoxins were found for 109 AgNPET
Summary
Mycotoxins (approximately 400, low-molecular-weight substances, produced by more than 200 mould species), are compounds exhibiting a great structural diversity as well as chemical and thermal stability [1,2]. There has been a growing body of scientific literature indicating that exposure to mycotoxins and toxigenic moulds adversely affect the health of people working and living in water-damaged buildings (homes, offices, schools and public facilities) [5]. Fungi, including moulds from genera Alternaria (A. alternata), Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. niger and A. versicolor), Penicillium (P. aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, P. expansum, and P. viridicatum), Stachybotrys (S. chartarum) and many others, are able to grow on all common types of building materials including wallpaper, plasterboards, wooden elements, emulsion paints, materials for insulation, and finishing [6,8,9,10]
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