Abstract
Silk derived from the silkworm is known for its excellent biological and mechanical properties. It has been used in various fields as a biomaterial, especially in bone tissue engineering scaffolding. Recently, silk protein-based biomaterial has been used as a barrier membrane scaffolding for guided bone regeneration (GBR). GBR promotes bone regeneration in bone defect areas using special barrier membranes. GBR membranes should have biocompatibility, biodegradability, cell occlusion, the mechanical properties of space-making, and easy clinical handling. Silk-based biomaterial has excellent biologic and mechanical properties that make it a good candidate to be used as GBR membranes. Recently, various forms of silk protein-based membranes have been introduced, demonstrating excellent bone regeneration ability, including osteogenic cell proliferation and osteogenic gene expression, and promoting new bone regeneration in vivo. In this article, we introduced the characteristics of silk protein as bone tissue engineering scaffolding and the recent application of such silk material as a GBR membrane. We also suggested future studies exploring additional uses of silk-based materials as GBR membranes.
Highlights
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) promotes new bone formation in bone defects using the barrier membrane [1]
We investigated the characteristics of silk protein and introduced the recent study of the application of silk material as a GBR membrane
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin that is known for its excellent biologic properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity [84]
Summary
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) promotes new bone formation in bone defects using the barrier membrane [1]. The barrier membrane prevents the infiltration of the epithelial cells and the down growth of the connective tissue in the defect area [2] It secures the space for the migration of osteoblasts and osteogenic cells and for new bone to grow in [2]. Non-resorbable membranes, such as titanium mesh and titanium-reinforced expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE), have high biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and stability [5] They can stably maintain the form of grafted bone material and secure the space for bone growth [6]. Collagen membranes have weak mechanical properties, rapid biodegradation, and lower space-making ability compared to non-resorbable membranes [10]. Silk protein-based membranes have excellent osteogenic and mechanical properties and show potential as GBR membranes [17,21]. The bone regeneration ability of silk-based membranes was reviewed, and future studies are suggested for the use of silk membrane in the GBR technique
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