Silicone Foam for Passive Sampling and Nontarget Analysis of Air

Abstract

The airborne chemical exposome is a dynamic complex mixture of gases and particles, and despite clear links to chronic disease and premature death, its molecular composition and variability remains largely uncharacterized. To overcome this, we aimed to pair nontarget analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with an inexpensive and stable passive sampling media for airborne gases and particles. To this end, we synthesized silicone (polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS) foam disks resulting in a low cost (0.02$/disk) and ultraclean material suitable for analysis by gas or liquid chromatography (GC/LC)-HRMS. When tested for indoor passive sampling over 1–3 months, alongside a PDMS sheet, PDMS foam accumulated many nonpolar gas-phase environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls), and a surprisingly complex mixture of larger polar substances (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur-containing) that were absent from the PDMS sheet, suggesting sampling of the particulate phase. The airborne molecular discovery potential was further demonstrated using an open-science LC-HRMS workflow integrating molecular networks and in silico structural predictions tailored on PubChemLite for Exposomics, which revealed series of known and unknown substances, including aromatic nitrophenols and sulfonyls. Future studies may benefit from implementing PDMS foam as wearable or stationary passive samplers to support advances in understanding exposure and contaminant sources in the indoor, outdoor, and personal airborne exposomes.