Abstract
The measurement of single or few photons with a time resolution of 1 ns or below is an experimental technique with many applications in research, medicine and industry. Until recently, vacuum photo-multipliers (PMTs) dominated this field. In the 1990s avalanche photo-diodes came into use, and in the last decade solid-state photo-multipliers (SSPMs) have replaced PMTs in many applications. In most cases early samples, not yet optimised for the specific application, have been used. In the meantime industry and research institutes have significantly improved the performance of SSPMs.
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