Abstract
We review the development of silicon-based calorimeters from the very first applications of small calorimeters used in collider experiments to the large-scale systems that are being designed today. We discuss silicon-based electromagnetic calorimeters for future e− e+ colliders and for the upgrade of the CMS experiment's endcap calorimeter to be used in the high-luminosity phase of the LHC. We present the intrinsic advantages of silicon as an active detector material and highlight the enabling technologies that have made calorimeters with very high channel densities feasible. We end by discussing the outlook for further extensions to the silicon calorimeter concept, such as calorimeters with fine-pitched pixel detectors.
Highlights
The intrinsically poor performance of a traditional HCAL
This technique is currently being used by the CMS Collaboration in its physics analyses at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), with the ECAL and HCAL being used separately to identify the type of neutral particle
The experience gained from operation of the luminometers at Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) and the preshower detectors discussed above, as well as from construction of the very large area silicon tracker at CMS, led the high-energy physics community to choose calorimeters made of highly granular silicon for use in the detectors planned for the generation of e+e− colliders, and for the replacement of the CMS endcap calorimeters at the HL-LHC
Summary
The primary reason for the choice of silicon is its ability to continue providing a sufficient signal even after the expected very high levels of radiation. With irradiation the charge-collection efficiency decreases while the dark current increases. The reduction in chargecollection efficiency occurs because the lifetime of the carriers liberated by ionizing radiation, and the magnitude of the current pulse (the signal), is decreased. This drawback can be compensated for in part by increasing the electric field in the diode (by increasing the applied voltage), thereby increasing the carrier velocity, but this is limited by breakdown and the power consumed. The production costs of large-area silicon diodes have decreased significantly since the SLD and LEP luminometers were built. Build a large-scale silicon calorimeter to replace the endcaps of the CMS detector for the HL-LHC
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