Sildenafil attenuates intestinal injury in necrotizing enterocolitis independently of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Abstract

BackgroundNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease that impacts the intestine of premature infants. Sildenafil has shown benefit in colitis and ischemia/reperfusion models but has not been adequately studied in NEC. Sildenafil's best studied mechanism involves augmenting nitric oxide induced vasodilation. We hypothesized that sildenafil would improve outcomes during experimental NEC in an eNOS dependent manner. MaterialsNEC was induced in five-day old mouse pups with gavage formula feeds plus intermittent hypoxia and hypothermia. Using wild type (WT) mice, the route of sildenafil administration was studied in the following groups: (1) breastfed controls, (2) NEC + oral (PO) sildenafil, (3) NEC + PO vehicle, (4) NEC + intraperitoneal (IP) sildenafil, (5) NEC + IP vehicle. The eNOS KO groups studied included: (1) breastfed controls, (2) NEC + PO sildenafil, (3) NEC + PO vehicle. Data were tested for normality and compared using t-tests or Mann-Whitney with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. ResultsIn WT mice, oral and IP sildenafil resulted in improved clinical outcomes compared to their respective vehicle group. Only orally administered sildenafil significantly improved perfusion to the intestine and protected it from macroscopic and histologic injury. When repeated in eNOS KO mice, oral sildenafil improved clinical scores and attenuated intestinal injury scores, despite no effect on intestinal perfusion. ConclusionsSildenafil, when administered orally, improves clinical outcomes and protects the intestine in a murine model of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. While sildenafil requires eNOS to impact mesenteric perfusion, it does not appear to be dependent on eNOS to attenuate intestinal injury.