Signs of status: language policy, revitalization, and visibility in urban Amazonia

Abstract

This paper examines the implications and implementation of official language policy designed to support endangered Indigenous languages in the municipality of Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil. The policy, in place since late 2001, declared three of the region’s many Indigenous languages (Nheengatu, Tukano, and Baniwa) to be “co-official” at the local level; the practical implementation of this policy, however, has remained limited. I specifically use the linguistic landscape of the city of Sao Gabriel as an entry point for considering the contested ideologies relating to the use of this official language policy as a strategy for language revitalization, and how some actors in the city have responded to the limited “top-down” implementation by creating space for the use of these languages in public and prestigious settings. I argue that the impact of the policy must be considered not simply in direct examination of the degree to which its articles have been implemented, but also in relation to the semiotic possibilities that it has created for Indigenous people and their allies in language activism. Signage in the official Indigenous languages reveals that the official language policy is embedded in a series of linguistic ideologies that make its implementation (or lack thereof) a complex question.