Abstract
Moringa oleifera is a miracle plant with many nutritional and medicinal properties. Chemopreventive values of the combined mixture of moringa leaves and seed residue (MOLSr) at different ratios (M1S9, M1S1 and M9S1) were investigated. MOLSr extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, antioxidant assays, metabolite profiling and cytotoxic activity on the primary mammary epithelial cells (PMECs), non-malignant Chang’s liver cells and various human cancer cell lines (including breast, cervical, colon and liver cancer cell lines). The MOLSr ratio with the most potent cytotoxic activity was used in xenograft mice injected with MDA-MB-231 cells for in vivo tumorigenicity study as well as further protein and gene expression studies. M1S9, specifically composed of saponin and amino acid, retained the lowest antioxidant activity but the highest glucosinolate content as compared to other ratios. Cell viability decreased significantly in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and PMECs after treatment with M1S9. Solid tumor from MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice was inhibited by up to 64.5% at third week after treatment with high-dose M1S9. High-dose M1S9 significantly decreased the expression of calcineurin (CaN) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) proteins as well as the secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) and solute carrier family 39 member 6 (SLC39A6) genes. This study provides new scientific evidence for the chemoprevention potential of MOLSr extracts in a breast cancer model; however, the precise mechanism warrants further investigation.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, liver and breast contributed to approximately 9.6 million of global deaths in 2018 [1]
M1S9 extracts possessed the lowest level of total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity compared to other ratios
M1S9, exhibited cytotoxic activities towards primary mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) and MDA-MB-231 cell lines which were not related to the antioxidant activity
Summary
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, liver and breast contributed to approximately 9.6 million of global deaths in 2018 [1]. Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that invades and spreads to other parts of the body (called metastasis). Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for cancer, the challenge remains due to multi-drug resistance of chemotherapy leading to ineffective outcomes [2]. The old adage applies—”prevention is better than cure”. The scientific community is actively venturing into cancer prevention, i.e., chemoprevention, to minimize and alleviate these dreaded effects and complications of cancer and conventional chemotherapy.
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