Significant age by childhood trauma interactions on grey matter volumes: A whole brain VBM analysis.

Abstract

Childhood trauma is deleterious to long term brain development. The changes are variable, and depend on gender, age and the nature of the trauma. In this exploratory analysis, we investigated the effects of exposure to emotional trauma on grey matter (GM) volumes in adolescent females. We explored GM volumes in non-clinical females aged 12-17 years who had been exposed to either higher (HET; N=75) or minimal (MET; N=127) emotional trauma. High-resolution T1-weighted structural images were analysed with an optimised FSL-VBM protocol. The General Linear Model was run on HET versus MET with continuous age as an interaction. Mean GM volumes were extracted from significant corrected age interaction statistical maps and scrutinised with SPSS®. We observed greater HET*age than MET*age interactions (corrected p-value=0.0002), in 4 separate bilateral cortical regions associated with mood disorders. Scrutiny of these regions showed significant GM volume enlargements in the early adolescent HET group (p=0.017) and reductions in the late adolescent HET group (p < 0.0001). Notably, there were no differences in middle adolescence (p > 0.05). Causality cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional study and the onset of trauma cannot be determined using retrospective measures. Whilst GM volumes diminish from early adolescence onwards, our results show that HET impacts this brain development, perhaps first via unstable adaptative mechanisms, followed by maladaptive processes in late adolescence. This suggests that compromises of emotional and cognitive self-regulation in mood disorders may underpin the structural abnormalities observed across multiple brain regions in these teenage girls.