Abstract
When water passes vertically through low-conductivity zones in aquifers, significant vertical head gradients occur. The importance of such gradients is identified in a study of the Bromsgrove Sandstone Aquifer Unit. A mathematical model incorporating the low-conductivity layers has been developed to explain the changed conditions from 1900, when there were extensive spring flows, to the present day, when deep boreholes intercept much of the groundwater flow. The mathematical model also helps in understanding the changing pumped drawdowns and water table elevations.
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