Abstract
<p>Celem poniższego artykułu jest przedstawienie aktualnych zmian w sytuacji ekonomicznej Svalbardu oraz podkreślenie wpływu badań naukowych na szczególną strukturę gospodarczą archipelagu. Na początku autorka krótko opisuje główne okresy w historii tego obszaru, jednak główny nacisk jest położony na bieżącą sytuację, a więc spadki w przemyśle wydobywczym przy jednoczesnym wzroście obecności naukowców, rozwoju Centrum Uniwersyteckiego na Svalbardzie, a także rosnącej roli turystyki polarnej. Dzięki zastosowaniu metod ilościowych, a także bezpośredniej obserwacji i wywiadów z mieszkańcami podczas pobytu autorki na archipelagu latem 2015 r., opracowanie odpowiada na pytanie badawcze, w jaki sposób badania polarne wpływają na gospodarkę Svalbardu.</p>
Highlights
The archipelago of Svalbard comprises of Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen, Prins Karls Forland, Bjørnøya and all the other islands, rocks and shears between 74° and 81° northern latitude and 10° and 35° eastern longitude
After I World War during Versailles negotiations treaty – called later on the Svalbard Treaty – was signed on 9 February 1920, though it only came into effect with the Svalbard Act, on 14 August 1925.1 The treaty provides for Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard, while at the same time providing for certain rights for the other signatories
Since beginning of 20th century Svalbard has been strongly linked to the mining industry that dominated until 1990s
Summary
The archipelago of Svalbard comprises of Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen, Prins Karls Forland, Bjørnøya and all the other islands, rocks and shears between 74° and 81° northern latitude and 10° and 35° eastern longitude. Since the 17th century, people from Norway, Russia, Sweden, the Netherlands and other countries have been active in Svalbard within fields such as whaling, fishing, research, mining and tourism, yet there was not one set legislation nor governance framework over this land. The treaty does include some conditions restricting the enactment of Norwegian sovereignty, and authorities are required to see if legislation and administration respect conditions such as non-discrimination, taxation, military restrictions and environment conservation.[2] Most important factor that led to enforce a treaty over this territory was a boom in mining industry that resulted in extensive extraction and land owning problems appeared. One can observe a major shift in economic activities in Svalbard– decreasing influence of coal mining while research and tourism becoming main revenue sources. Author positively verifies 3 hypotheses: (1) along with decreasing employment in mining industry, role of other sectors, such as research and tourism increases, (2) role of research in Svalbard and its impact on economy has developed significantly in the last twenty years, (3) growth in research sector resulted in minimizing employment gap created due to reducing shares of mining industry
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