Abstract
This work presents an overview of the modern approaches embracing advanced equipment and validation parameters of both liquid and gas chromatography techniques, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column liquid chromatography (CLC), and gas chromatography (GC), suitable for the identification and quantitative determination of various bioactive compounds occurring in pharmaceutical products and medicinal plants in the time from 2020 to 2021 (November). This review confirmed that HPLC is an incredibly universal tool, especially when combined with different detectors, such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and fluorescence detection for numerous active ingredients in different pharmaceutical formulations without interferences from other excipients. TLC, in combination with densitometry, is a very efficient tool for the determination of biologically active substances present in pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, TLC coupled to densitometry and mass spectrometry could be suitable for preliminary screening and determination of the biological activity (e.g., antioxidant properties, thin layer chromatography (TLC) by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method) of plant materials. Gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS), is of particular importance in the testing of any volatile substances, such as essential oils. LC, coupled to NMR and MS, is the best solution for identifying and studying the structure of unknown components from plant extracts, as well as degradation products (DPs). Thanks to size-exclusion chromatography, coupled to multi-angle light scattering, the quality control of biological pharmaceuticals is possible.
Highlights
All pharmaceuticals can be classified as natural or synthetic bioactive compounds.It should be emphasized that there is no uniform definition of a bioactive substance in the scientific literature [1]
The greatest application of chromatography is in the analysis of pharmaceuticals (30%), biochemical and clinical chemistry (25%), environmental protection (15%), food and cosmetics (10%), inorganic substances (5%); analyses in other fields accounts for 15% [10]
This study indicates that DESI/MSI coupled to the imaging of HPTLC could be suitable for the preliminary screening of plant materials containing the selected ecdysteroid [42]
Summary
All pharmaceuticals can be classified as natural or synthetic bioactive compounds. It should be emphasized that there is no uniform definition of a bioactive substance in the scientific literature [1]. Chromatographic methods are an excellent tool in the analysis of bioactive compounds present in pharmaceutical preparations and extracted from plant medicinal substances. The presented review paper discusses chromatographic methods to the complex analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in different dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, drop solutions, injectable powders, creams and herbal formulations. For this purpose, the content of PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar databases was used and keyword searches for ‘pharmaceuticals AND plant extracts AND LC analysis’. LC-NMR technique described in this review was used primarily to identify natural bioactive compounds isolated from plant extracts, to identify impurities in drugs as well as to identify drug degradation products (DPs)
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