Abstract
In scenarios with large extra dimensions (LEDs), the fundamental Planck scale can be low enough that collisions between high-energy particles may produce microscopic black holes. High-energy cosmic neutrinos can carry energies much larger than a PeV, opening the door to a higher energy range than Earth-based colliders. Here, for the first time, we identify a number of unique signatures of microscopic black holes as they would appear in the next generation of large-scale neutrino observatories such as IceCube-Gen2 and the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Explorer. These signatures include new event topologies, energy distributions, and unusual ratios of hadronic-to-electronic energy deposition, visible through Cherenkov light echos due to delayed neutron recombination. We find that the next generation of neutrino telescopes can probe LEDs with a Planck scale up to 6 TeV, though the identification of unique topologies could push their reach even further.
Highlights
Terms of gravitational force tests [7], supernova and neutron star cooling [8, 9], and in collider experiments [10, 11]
We find that the generation of neutrino telescopes can probe large extra dimensions (LEDs) with a Planck scale up to 6 TeV, though the identification of unique topologies could push their reach even further
In the presence of large extra dimensions, microscopic black holes can be produced in neutrino-nucleus scattering if the center of mass energy of the collision is above the Planck scale in the bulk
Summary
With the exception of neutrinos produced in the core-collapse supernova 1987A, the first positive detection of neutrinos from beyond our Galaxy came in the form of high-energy contained events seen in the IceCube detector [49,50,51,52]. The black hole production cross section from neutrino collisions with a nucleon N =. Some authors have proposed that an evaporating black hole might not fully decay but rather leave behind a Planck-mass relic [61, 62], which could carry a small electric charge This would alter the spectrum at the final stages of evaporation, and may produce distinct signatures, such as a delayed flash due to subsequent accretion and evaporation. We employ a set of numerical tools that we modify to model the production, evaporation, and energy deposition by microscopic black holes in the detector material. BlackMax is a Monte Carlo simulator designed to model the production and evolution of black holes at colliders It includes relevant greybody factors of evaporation products, and can model the effects of BH rotation, brane splitting between fermions, brane tension and bulk recoil from gravition emission. We turn to specific signatures of BHs that can be identified with our simulations
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