Abstract
Regular physical activity is an effective strategy to prevent and ameliorate aging-associated diseases. In particular, training increases muscle performance and improves whole-body metabolism. Since exercise affects the whole organism, it has countless health benefits. The systemic effects of exercise can, in part, be explained by communication between the contracting skeletal muscle and other organs and cell types. While small proteins and peptides known as myokines are the most prominent candidates to mediate this tissue cross-talk, recent investigations have paid increasing attention to metabolites. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential role of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolites as humoral mediators of exercise adaptation processes. We focus on TCA metabolites that are released from human skeletal muscle in response to exercise and provide an overview of their potential auto-, para- or endocrine health-promoting effects.
Highlights
IntroductionRegular physical activity has well-known beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of numerous disorders, including metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the risk factors obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and hypertension [1,2]
Regular physical activity has well-known beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of numerous disorders, including metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the risk factors obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and hypertension [1,2].Metabolic parameters that have been reported to be improved by exercise include glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity [3,4], and liver fat [5]
We recently introduced the term “myometabokine” [14,15] to denominate metabolites which are released from skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise and can regulate signaling processes involved in exercise adaptation in an auto, para- or endocrine manner (Figure 1)
Summary
Regular physical activity has well-known beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of numerous disorders, including metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the risk factors obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and hypertension [1,2]. Skeletal muscle is a key player during physical exercise It represents the organ with the highest insulin-dependent uptake of glucose in the human body [11] and relies on a wellorchestrated interorgan crosstalk to support the heightened energy demand. We recently introduced the term “myometabokine” [14,15] to denominate metabolites which are released from skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise and can regulate signaling processes involved in exercise adaptation in an auto-, para- or endocrine manner (Figure 1). TCA intermediates could function as myometabokines signaling from the contracting skeletal muscle cells In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and understanding of TCA cycle intermediates as mediators of the adaptive response to physical activity in humans. Metabolites 2021, 11, 474 as tissue fluxes due to acute exercise, and discuss their potential significance as auto-, paraor endocrine messengers
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