Signaling profile of a new PAR2 inhibitor with anti‐inflammatory effects

Abstract

The protease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR2) belongs to an atypical subfamily of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCR), activated by the proteolytic cleavage of their N‐terminal region by enzymes such as thrombin or trypsin. This cleavage exposes a region of the N‐terminal extracellular domain (the “tethered ligand”) to bind to the extracellular loop 2 and others domains of the PAR2. This results in the stabilization of an active conformation of the receptor. Short synthetic peptides mimicking the tethered ligand sequence are also able to activate PAR2. This subfamily of GPCR is largely involved in inflammatory responses and may therefore represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases. It is now recognized that activated‐GPCRs can engage multiple signaling pathways and that specific ligands can selectively promote the engagement of different subsets of these pathways. We therefore characterized the functional selectivity of PAR2 modulators in the context of their potential action as anti‐inflammatory drugs. Elucidating the various signaling pathways should help directed targeting in the quest for therapeutic efficacy; and reciprocally minimize undesirable side effects. For this, we have established the exhaustive signaling signatures of PAR2 modulators using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)‐based biosensors in heterologous and native human cell based systems. First, the repertoire of signaling pathways that can be triggered by trypsin and a PAR2 activating peptide (SLIGKV‐NH2) were established. We then identified a compound with a particularly interesting signaling profile among the different modulators tested. Indeed, we showed that compound C5 acts as a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) for the Gα13/Gαq/DAG/Ca2+/PKC signaling pathways activated by both agonists (SLIGKV‐NH2 or trypsin) whereas it has no effect on Gα12/Gαi2/GαoA/GαoB pathways activated by trypsin or SLIGKV‐NH2 and acts as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for βarrestin2 recruitment induced by the short peptide. Using a mouse BRET‐based signaling array, we showed that C5 presents a similar signaling profile on the mouse PAR2, establishing inter‐species translation of the results obtained with human receptor in rodent model. Finally, we have evaluated the anti‐inflammatory activity of C5 by measuring its impact on (i) cytokines secretion induced by PAR2 in HCT‐116 cells and (ii) volume of paw edema in rodent inflammatory models. Our preliminary data indicated that C5 presents anti‐inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our results suggest that C5, by selectively inhibiting PAR2‐induced Gα13/Gαq/DAG/Ca2+/PKC signaling pathways, leads to the anti‐inflammatory effects observed in vitro and in vivo. PAR2 functional selectivity highlights the opportunity to design new drugs that specifically block PAR2‐activated signaling pathway in disease, without affecting beneficial PAR2 signaling in normal physiology.Support or Funding InformationCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.