Abstract
Food is a basic requirement for human life and well-being. On the other hand, diet is necessary for growth, health and defense, as well as regulating and assisting the symbiotic gut microbial communities that inhabit in the digestive tract, referred to as the gut microbiota. Diet influences the composition of the gut microbiota. The quality and quantity of diet affects their metabolism which creates a link between diet. The microorganisms in response to the type and amount of dietary intake. Dietary fibers, which includes non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) are neither neither-digested nor absorbed and are subjected to bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract resulting in the formation of different metabolites called SCFAs. The SCFAs have been reported to effect metabolic activities at the molecularlevel. Acetate affects the metabolic pathway through the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and free fatty acid receptor2 (FFAR2/GPR43) while butyrate and propionate transactivate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ/NR1C3) and regulate the PPARγ target gene Angptl4 in colonic cells of the gut. The NDCs via gut microbiota dependent pathway regulate glucose homeostasis, gut integrity and hormone by GPCR, NF-kB, and AMPK-dependent processes. In this chapter, we will focus on dietary fibers, which interact directly with gut microbes and lead to the production of metabolites and discuss how dietary fiber impacts gut microbiota ecology, host physiology, and health and molecule mechanism of dietary fiber on signaling pathway that linked to the host health.
Highlights
The human gut harbors a plethora of a complex community of micro-organisms that are vital for host development and physiology
Gut bacteria produced short-chain unsaturated fats (SCFAs) from indigestible saccharides diet precursors and SCFAs transported across the mucosa by active transport mediated by two receptors, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1) and sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (SMCT-1) receptors which influence host physiological functions and modulate biological responses of the host
Dietary fibers were reported to shift the gut microbiome towards the production of more butanoate which is accompanied by up-regulation of microbiota and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent gene expression which contributes to intestinal integrity and homeostasis by affecting metabolism, transporter expression
Summary
The human gut harbors a plethora of a complex community of micro-organisms that are vital for host development and physiology. The gut microbiota plays a key and essential role in the metabolization of DFs including non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), proteins and peptides, which has escape digestion by host enzymes in the upper gut and absorption in the lower digestive tract. These dietary constituents, are subjected to fermentation by the microbiota in the cecum and colon (Macfarlane and Macfarlane, 2012) resulting in the production different metabolites called SCFAs varying in carbon number which includes mainly acetate (60%), propionate (25%) butyrate (15%) and methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) gases [6] which are known to have beneficial effects by behaving as signaling molecules via different pathways.
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