Signaling from G Protein-coupled Receptors to the c-jun Promoter Involves the MEF2 Transcription Factor: EVIDENCE FOR A NOVEL c-Jun AMINO-TERMINAL KINASE-INDEPENDENT PATHWAY

Abstract

The c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinases that phosphorylate c-Jun and ATF2, and it has been postulated that phosphorylated c-Jun enhances its own expression through AP-1 sites on the c-jun promoter. In this study, we asked whether signals activating JNK regulate the c-jun promoter. Using NIH 3T3 cells expressing G protein-coupled m1 acetylcholine receptors as an experimental model, we have recently shown that the cholinergic agonist carbachol, but not platelet-derived growth factor, potently elevates JNK activity. Consistent with these findings, carbachol, but not platelet-derived growth factor, increased the activity of a c-jun promoter-driven reporter gene (for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase). However, coexpression of JNK kinase kinase (MEKK) effectively increased JNK activity, but resulted in surprisingly limited induction of the c-jun promoter. This raised the possibility that pathway(s) distinct from JNK control the c-jun promoter, and prompted us to explore which of its regulatory elements participate in transcriptional control. We observed that deletion of the 3' AP-1 site diminished chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in response to carbachol, but only to a limited extent. In contrast, deletion of a MEF2 site dramatically reduced expression, and deletion of both the MEF2 and 3' AP-1 sites abolished induction. Furthermore, cotransfection with MEF2C and MEF2D cDNAs potently enhanced the activity of the c-jun promoter in response to carbachol, and stimulation of m1 receptors, but not direct JNK activation, induced expression of a MEF2-responsive plasmid. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that MEF2 mediates c-jun promoter expression by G protein-coupled receptors through a yet to be identified pathway, distinct from that of JNK.