Abstract
Although most patients with thyroid cancers have good prognosis and long-term survival, some patients are refractory to traditional therapeutic approaches and face a high risk of mortality. CAR-T therapy provides an attractive strategy to treat these patients. Considering the limited expression in thyroid tissues, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) has been considered as a promising candidate as CAR-T target. However, it is still a challenge to find the optimal CAR design for the treatment of thyroid cancers. Dynamic signaling cascade is initiated by CAR molecules during CAR-T cell activation. The development of FRET-based biosensors enables us to detect the signaling dynamics of key kinases during CAR-T cell activation with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here using the ZAP70 and ERK biosensors, we visualized the dynamics of ZAP70 and ERK activities in TSHR-specific CAR-T cells upon antigen stimulation. We first constructed several TSHR-targeting CARs for the treatment of advanced thyroid cancers. The TSHR CAR-T cells with CD28 or 4-1BB co-stimulatory signaling domains exhibited potent cytotoxicity in vitro. By FRET imaging, we observed rapid increase of ZAP70 and ERK activities in TSHR CAR-T cells upon target cell binding. Even though CD28-based CAR-T cells had similar ZAP70 activation dynamics as 4-1BB-based CAR-T cells, they displayed slightly enhanced ERK activation, which may contribute to their faster anti-tumor kinetics in vivo. These results demonstrated the efficacy of TSHR CAR-T cells to treat advanced thyroid cancers. Our study indicated the potential of applying FRET biosensors to optimize the design of CAR for effective CAR-T therapy.
Highlights
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer and accounts for 3% of the new cancer cases worldwide in 2020 (Sung et al, 2021)
Based on a second-generation cells showed similar expression of biosensor (CAR) construct we investigated the feasibility of Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells in treating thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)-positive thyroid cancers
We developed a CAR-T therapy for TSHR-positive advanced thyroid cancers
Summary
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer and accounts for 3% of the new cancer cases worldwide in 2020 (Sung et al, 2021). It is reported that the incidence of permanent hypocalcemia and permanent vocal cord paralysis after re-dissection of cervical lymph nodes can be as high as 4.9 and 17.8% respectively, which may seriously affect the quality of patients’ life. For such patients, exploring a new non-invasive treatment method is of great value. It is reported that patients with refractory DTCs have less than 50% of 5-years survival rate (Laha et al, 2020) For these patients, it is urgent to explore new treatment methods
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