Signaling adaptor ShcD suppresses extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation distal to the Ret and Trk neurotrophic receptors

Abstract

Proteins of the Src homology and collagen (Shc) family are typically involved in signal transduction events involving Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. In the nervous system, they function proximal to the neurotrophic factors that regulate cell survival, differentiation, and neuron-specific characteristics. The least characterized homolog, ShcD, is robustly expressed in the developing and mature nervous system, but its contributions to neural cell circuitry are largely uncharted. We now report that ShcD binds to active Ret, TrkA, and TrkB neurotrophic factor receptors predominantly via its phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain. However, in contrast to the conventional Shc adaptors, ShcD suppresses distal phosphorylation of the Erk MAPK. Accordingly, genetic knock-out of mouse ShcD enhances Erk phosphorylation in the brain. In cultured cells, this capacity is tightly aligned to phosphorylation of ShcD CH1 region tyrosine motifs, which serve as docking platforms for signal transducers, such as Grb2. Erk suppression is relieved through independent mutagenesis of the PTB domain and the CH1 tyrosine residues, and successive substitution of these tyrosines breaks the interaction between ShcD and Grb2, thereby promoting TrkB-Grb2 association. Erk phosphorylation can also be restored in the presence of wild type ShcD through Grb2 overexpression. Conversely, mutation of the ShcD SH2 domain results in enhanced repression of Erk. Although the SH2 domain is a less common binding interface in Shc proteins, we demonstrate that it associates with the Ptpn11 (Shp2) phosphatase, which in turn regulates ShcD tyrosine phosphorylation. We therefore propose a model whereby ShcD competes with neurotrophic receptors for Grb2 binding and opposes activation of the MAPK cascade.