Abstract
Breast cancer is the cancer with the highest prevalence in women and is the number-one cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Cell transduction is a fundamental process in the development and progression of cancer. Modifications in various cell signalling pathways promote tumour cell proliferation, progression, and survival. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an example of that, and it is involved in growth, proliferation, survival, motility, metabolism, and immune response regulation. Activation of this pathway is one of the main causes of cancer cell resistance to antitumour therapies. This makes PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling a crucial object of study for understanding the development and progression of this disease. Thus, this pathway may have a role as a potential therapeutic target, as well as prognostic and diagnostic value, in patients with breast cancer. Despite the existence of selective PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors and current clinical trials, the cellular mechanisms are not yet known. The present review aims to understand the current state of this important disease and the paths that must be forged.
Highlights
Current State of the DiseaseBreast cancer is the most prevalent cancer type in women as well as the leading cause of cancer mortality in this population worldwide, with a peak incidence between 45 and 65 years of age [1]
In turn, is divided into different subtypes based on the presence or absence of the Journal of Oncology estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 receptor. us, we can distinguish between a luminal subtype, being ER/PR+, an Her2+ subtype, which has this receptor overexpressed, and a triple negative or basal-like subtype (TNBC)
The alterations most studied and most directly involved in the progression and development of breast cancer pathways are those mediated by the ER and human epidermal growth factor type-2 receptors (HER2/Neu or c-ErbB2) [19]. e activity of HER2 receptors in turn promotes the signalling of other pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) or cell components like glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)/ Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, both represented in Figure 1, denoting the importance of signal integration and transduction processes in the progression and development of breast cancer [20,21,22,23]
Summary
Signal Transduction Pathways in Breast Cancer: The Important Role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Cell transduction is a fundamental process in the development and progression of cancer. E PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an example of that, and it is involved in growth, proliferation, survival, motility, metabolism, and immune response regulation. Modifications in various cell signalling pathways promote tumour cell proliferation, progression, and survival. Activation of this pathway is one of the main causes of cancer cell resistance to antitumour therapies. Is makes PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling a crucial object of study for understanding the development and progression of this disease. Despite the existence of selective PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors and current clinical trials, the cellular mechanisms are not yet known. e present review aims to understand the current state of this important disease and the paths that must be forged
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