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Abstract
To successfully invade and infect their host plants, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) need to evolve molecular mechanisms to overcome the defense responses from the plants. Nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs), including ascarosides and certain proteins, while instrumental in enabling the infection, can be perceived by the host plants, which then initiate a signaling cascade leading to the induction of basal defense responses. To combat host resistance, some nematodes can inject effectors into the cells of susceptible hosts to reprogram the basal resistance signaling and also modulate the hosts’ gene expression patterns to facilitate the establishment of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). In this review, we summarized all the known signaling pathways involved in plant–nematode interactions. Specifically, we placed particular focus on the effector proteins from PPNs that mimic the signaling of the defense responses in host plants. Furthermore, we gave an updated overview of the regulation by PPNs of different host defense pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and cytokinin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to facilitate their parasitic successes in plants. This review will enhance the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in both compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions.
Highlights
Parasitic nematodes are economically important pests of crop plants and can lead to significant yield losses worldwide [1]
This study showed that the above-mentioned PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses were mediated through a membrane-localized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, NILR1, which was induced upon nematode infection [43]
This study demonstrated that H. schachtii was able to stimulate the expression of RBohD and RBohF in Arabidopsis to induce the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that surprisingly resulted in the inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD) and supported the development of syncytia [36]
Summary
Parasitic nematodes are economically important pests of crop plants and can lead to significant yield losses worldwide [1]. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes belonging to the family Heteroderidae include root knot nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne and cyst-forming nematodes from the genera Heterodera and Globodera [2] These nematodes have developed very sophisticated mechanisms of parasitizing host plants, which involve the induction of specialized feeding sites in plant roots. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) induce a series of morphological, biochemical, and molecular alterations in the cells of plant roots to facilitate the establishment of these feeding sites [4] These events are largely affected by nematode secretions through their stylets, setting off a signaling cascade in the host cells. This review will improve the understanding of various signal transduction pathways involved in plant–nematode molecular interactions by summarizing the most recent discoveries on these topics
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