Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and are not able to move away from adverse environmental conditions and must response to an array of environmental and developmental cues. They heavily rely on high sensitivity detection and adaptation mechanisms to environmental perturbations. Signal transduction, the means whereby cells construct response to a signal, is a recently defined focus of research in plant biology. Over the past decade our understanding of plant signaling pathways has increased greatly, in part due to the use of molecular genetics and biochemical tools in model plants for example Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. This has assisted us in the identification of components of many signal transduction pathways in diverse physiological systems for example hormonal, developmental and environmental signal transduction pathways and cross-talk between them. During the last 15 years the number of known plant hormones has grown from five to at least ten. Furthermore, many of the proteins involved in plant hormone signaling pathways have been identified, including receptors for many of the major hormones. In addition, recent studies confirm that hormone signaling is integrated at several levels during plant growth and development. In this review paper we have covered recent work in signaling pathway in plants especially how plants sense biotic and abiotic stresses and the potential mechanisms by which different chemical molecules and their downstream signaling components modulates stress tolerance.
Highlights
The signaling networks that have evolved to generate gravity, water status, turgor, soil quality, mechanical appropriate cellular responses are varied and are normally tensions, wind, heat, cold, freezing, growth regulators and composed of elements that include a sequence of hormones, pH, gases (CO2, O2 and C2H4), wounding and receptors, non-protein messengers, enzymes and diseases, and electrical flux. transcription factors
Likewise enzymes and developmental age, previous environmental experience, transcription factors tend toward specificity, and this fact and internal clocks that specify the time of year and the is reflected in abundance at the genome level
The carboxy-terminal whereas phyB and other light-stable phytochromes are domain contains two PAS (for period circadian protein, more active in red light (R). Light stability of these Ah receptor nuclear translocator protein and single- phytochromes depends on their specific properties which minded protein) repeats, which initiate a signaling regulates There are several properties of phytochromes cascade by mediating direct interactions with molecules which affects the differential response of these such as the basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor phytochromes.This difference is due in part to their PIF3, and a histidine-kinase-related domain (HKRD), differential light-stability, and to other properties that which might phosphorylate direct targets such as are specific to the phyA domain
Summary
The signaling networks that have evolved to generate gravity, water status, turgor, soil quality, mechanical appropriate cellular responses are varied and are normally tensions, wind, heat, cold, freezing, growth regulators and composed of elements that include a sequence of hormones, pH, gases (CO2, O2 and C2H4), wounding and receptors, non-protein messengers, enzymes and diseases, and electrical flux. transcription factors. The carboxy-terminal whereas phyB and other light-stable phytochromes are domain contains two PAS (for period circadian protein, more active in red light (R) Light stability of these Ah receptor nuclear translocator protein and single- phytochromes depends on their specific properties which minded protein) repeats, which initiate a signaling regulates There are several properties of phytochromes cascade by mediating direct interactions with molecules which affects the differential response of these such as the basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor phytochromes.This difference is due in part to their PIF3, and a histidine-kinase-related domain (HKRD), differential light-stability, and to other properties that which might phosphorylate direct targets such as are specific to the phyA domain (see Fig1, [31]). Genetically defined functions related); lectin type[79]
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