Signal-enhanced strategy for ratiometric aptasensing of aflatoxin B1: Plasmon-modulated competition between photoelectrochemistry-driven and electrochemistry-driven redox of methylene blue

Abstract

Efficient signal amplification using light irradiation in electrochemistry-based sensing attracts growing interest; however, the modulation of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical behaviors of bifunctional probes remains challenging for the better analytical performance. Here, we found that the bifunctional probe methylene blue (MB) under irradiation followed two routes, i.e., photoelectrochemistry (PEC)-driven and electrochemistry (EC)-driven route, while plasmon-modulated competition between PEC-driven and EC-driven routes efficiently enhanced the analytical performance of aptasensor. Ferrocene-labeled aptamer (Fc-apt) was applied to tune the interaction between MB labeled complementary DNA (MB-cDNA) and plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Under visible light illumination, the aptasensor output a weak current of MB (IMB) for the depressed EC-driven redox. The binding of Fc-apt with target led to its stripping from electrode and released MB-cDNA to approach AuNPs, and an increase in IMB was observed due to the synergy of the depressed PEC-driven redox while the restored EC-driven redox. In this way, the amplified response for target could be obtained by depressing background signal while enlarging response signal of IMB under visible light. Consequently, the developed model ratiometric aptasensor offered a higher sensitivity for the determination of aflatoxin B1. Our observation should be favorable to shed light on photo-induced electrochemical mechanism, and the proposed amplification strategy is valuable for the construction of efficient sensors.